Peptide evidence index

An investigational triple-receptor agonist being studied for obesity and metabolic disease.

Laboratory

Receptor and pharmacology studies support activity at GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors.

Animal

Preclinical models helped establish metabolic effects and informed progression into human trials.

Human

Randomised phase 2 evidence and reported phase 3 results are available. Check whether a particular result is a peer-reviewed publication or a sponsor announcement, and inspect its population and follow-up.

Regulatory

Retatrutide is not currently an authorised UK medicine. Investigational status should never be presented as approval.

A dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist with authorised prescription uses and extensive clinical evidence.

Laboratory

Pharmacology demonstrates combined GIP- and GLP-1-receptor activity.

Animal

Preclinical work supported metabolic effects before large human programmes.

Human

Multiple phase 3 trials and real-world use provide a much larger evidence base than is available for most catalogue peptides.

Regulatory

Authorised tirzepatide medicines have approved indications and controlled supply routes; research material is not equivalent.

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide studied in skin, matrix and wound biology.

Laboratory

A sizeable mechanistic literature exists across cell, tissue and gene-expression models.

Animal

Wound and tissue-remodelling effects have been explored in preclinical models.

Human

Some topical and cosmetic studies exist, but formulation quality, scale and endpoints vary.

Regulatory

Cosmetic ingredient use is not evidence that injectable GHK-Cu is an approved treatment.

Two distinct experimental materials commonly grouped together in preclinical repair research.

Laboratory

Mechanistic findings exist for both materials, but they come from separate research programmes.

Animal

Most positive BPC-157 repair findings are from animal models; translation to humans remains uncertain.

Human

Robust, replicated controlled human evidence for BPC-157 is absent, and the marketed blend itself lacks an established clinical evidence base.

Regulatory

The combined product is not an approved UK medicine and should not be described as a proven injury treatment.

A mitochondria-derived peptide studied as a signal linking cellular stress and energy metabolism.

Laboratory

Mechanistic cell research supports roles in metabolic and stress signalling.

Animal

Many reported metabolic and exercise-related effects come from mouse studies.

Human

Human work includes observational biology and early experimental research, not an established therapeutic evidence base.

Regulatory

MOTS-C is not an approved medicine for metabolism, exercise performance or ageing.

A three-amino-acid alpha-MSH fragment investigated in inflammatory and barrier models.

Laboratory

Cell studies support anti-inflammatory activity under specific experimental conditions.

Animal

Animal models include intestinal and inflammatory disease systems.

Human

There is no robust clinical evidence establishing KPV as a treatment for inflammatory, skin or gastrointestinal disease.

Regulatory

KPV is not an approved UK medicine.

A synthetic tetrapeptide discussed in cellular-ageing research, with limited clinical evidence.

Laboratory

Cell-based telomerase and gene-regulation findings generate hypotheses rather than proving longevity.

Animal

Some ageing and lifespan studies exist, but model quality and generalisability vary.

Human

The human literature is limited, often small or difficult to verify against modern trial standards.

Regulatory

Epitalon is not an approved anti-ageing or longevity medicine in the UK.

An ACTH-derived synthetic peptide investigated in neurological and stress-response research.

Laboratory

Gene-expression and signalling studies provide mechanistic hypotheses.

Animal

A substantial portion of neuroprotection and cognitive evidence comes from rodent models.

Human

Limited clinical literature exists, but replication, reporting and applicability to healthy populations are constrained.

Regulatory

Semax is not an authorised UK medicine and should not be presented as an approved cognitive treatment.

A tuftsin-derived synthetic peptide investigated in stress, anxiety and neuroimmune research.

Laboratory

Molecular and gene-expression findings suggest several possible pathways.

Animal

Behavioural models form a major part of the evidence base.

Human

Limited clinical reports exist, but the evidence is not broad or independently replicated enough for strong treatment claims.

Regulatory

Selank is not an authorised UK medicine for anxiety, cognition or any other condition.

A modified IGF-1 analogue used to investigate growth-factor signalling in experimental systems.

Laboratory

LR3 is widely used as a potent experimental IGF-1 receptor agonist in cell and tissue systems.

Animal

Studies examine growth, metabolism and tissue effects, with exposure unlike normal physiology.

Human

There is no established clinical evidence base supporting IGF-1 LR3 as a bodybuilding, recovery or anti-ageing treatment.

Regulatory

IGF-1 LR3 is a research reagent, not an authorised UK medicine.

KLOW explained: GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500 and KPV, the biological questions behind the blend and why component findings do not prove combination benefits.

Laboratory

Separate component experiments are available; no whole-blend mechanism is established by those experiments.

Animal

The cited animal findings concern individual ingredients, not the complete mixture.

Human

The sources below provide no controlled human trial establishing the effects of the complete KLOW blend.

Regulatory

A blend name or component paper does not establish a licensed medicinal indication.

NAD+ is a cellular coenzyme involved in energy metabolism and enzyme signalling. Learn how its normal role differs from evidence for supplied NAD+ products.

Laboratory

NAD+ has well-established roles in redox reactions and enzyme biology.

Animal

Experimental ageing and metabolic findings depend on model and intervention; they do not establish a human product benefit.

Human

Small infusion studies address metabolism and tolerability. They do not establish broad wellness or longevity claims.

Regulatory

Being naturally present in cells does not confer medicinal authorisation on a supplied preparation.

Melanotan II acts on melanocortin pathways. Read about pigmentation research, early human findings, reported risks and UK public-health advice.

Laboratory

Melanocortin activity provides a biological explanation for pigmentation effects.

Animal

Preclinical activity does not establish the safety of a consumer tanning product.

Human

The 1996 pilot included only three men. It cannot establish broad or long-term safety.

Regulatory

UK public-health sources describe these tanning products as unauthorised and advise against use.

BPC-157 explained: tendon-cell movement, experimental repair pathways and the gap between laboratory findings and proven human treatment effects.

Laboratory

Primary studies measure cell migration and signalling under controlled conditions.

Animal

Animal injury findings do not establish human healing speed.

Human

The linked tendon experiment is not a human trial; broad human recovery claims require stronger direct evidence.

Regulatory

A laboratory experiment or COA is not a medicinal authorisation.

TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 explained: identity, actin and cell-migration biology, wound models and why sequence differences change the evidence.

Laboratory

Cell and tissue experiments exist for thymosin beta-4.

Animal

The linked primary wound study used rats and full-length thymosin beta-4.

Human

That preclinical experiment does not establish a human treatment effect for TB-500.

Regulatory

A TB-500 label does not establish an authorised medicine or clinical indication.

Eloralintide explained: selective amylin signalling, published phase 2 obesity findings, phase 3 development and the distinction from EloraTZP.

Laboratory

Receptor pharmacology underlies the selective amylin development programme.

Animal

Preclinical findings inform development but cannot establish a human benefit on their own.

Human

A peer-reviewed phase 2 monotherapy trial is available. Phase 3 development is described in the sponsor's September 2026 update.

Regulatory

The linked sources describe eloralintide as investigational; phase 3 is not approval.

Tesamorelin acts on growth-hormone-releasing hormone pathways. Learn about visceral-fat trials, its specific US indication and important evidence limits.

Laboratory

GHRH-receptor pharmacology explains stimulation of the growth-hormone axis.

Animal

Preclinical findings do not substitute for the specific human trials.

Human

Randomised trials exist in defined HIV-associated lipodystrophy populations.

Regulatory

US EGRIFTA authorisation is product- and indication-specific; it is not general weight-loss approval.

CJC-1295 explained: GHRH signalling, the DAC modification, early human hormone findings and why no-DAC labels need separate identification.

Laboratory

GHRH-receptor activity underlies the hormone-release mechanism.

Animal

Experimental development is not evidence for a commercial blend.

Human

Two early placebo-controlled trials ran for 28 and 49 days and examined hormone responses in healthy adults.

Regulatory

An early hormone-response study is not an authorisation for anti-ageing or performance use.

Ipamorelin activates the ghrelin receptor. Learn about growth-hormone signalling, gastrointestinal research and what a negative phase 2 endpoint means.

Laboratory

Receptor pharmacology supports a ghrelin-mimetic mechanism.

Animal

Preclinical gut effects informed clinical investigation.

Human

The phase 2 surgical trial enrolled 117 people; its main efficacy comparison was not statistically significant.

Regulatory

A proof-of-concept study does not establish an authorised indication or a general wellness benefit.

SS-31, or elamipretide, targets mitochondrial cardiolipin. Learn about the specific US Forzinity approval and why it does not establish general longevity benefits.

Laboratory

Cardiolipin-related pharmacology underlies the mitochondrial target.

Animal

Animal findings cannot establish general human performance or ageing benefits.

Human

The approval relied on an intermediate muscle-strength endpoint in a small rare-disease programme.

Regulatory

Forzinity has a specific US accelerated approval; the authorised label states the population and limits.

Growth hormone explained: pituitary signalling, IGF-1, authorised replacement treatment and the distinction from performance or anti-ageing claims.

Laboratory

Growth-hormone receptor signalling is established biology.

Animal

Experimental models do not establish appropriate enhancement in healthy people.

Human

Authorised products have clinical evidence for defined populations, including confirmed deficiency.

Regulatory

Somatropin is a prescription biological medicine, with product-specific indications.

hCG explained: LH-receptor signalling, reproductive biology and why a licensed fertility medicine has a specific clinical context.

Laboratory

LH/CG receptor biology is established.

Animal

Preclinical findings do not establish every proposed off-label use.

Human

Specific fertility medicines have clinical evidence in defined populations.

Regulatory

Authorisation applies to a named prescription medicine and indication, not every hCG-labelled item.

hMG explained: FSH and LH biological activity, reproductive hormone pathways and the importance of monitored, product-specific fertility treatment.

Laboratory

FSH- and LH-related biological actions are established.

Animal

Animal findings do not establish broad wellness claims.

Human

Product-specific clinical evidence supports defined fertility uses.

Regulatory

Menotrophin is a prescription medicine; its indication is not a general enhancement claim.

How rapid-acting insulin aspart works, what NovoRapid clinical studies measure and where to find UK prescribing information.

Laboratory

The molecule and its insulin receptor activity are characterised.

Animal

Evidence from experimental models answers separate questions from clinical glucose control.

Human

UK prescribing information summarises findings for the authorised medicine in specified populations.

Regulatory

The UK product information identifies NovoRapid FlexPen as a prescription medicine.

How basal insulin glargine works, what Lantus clinical studies measure and where to find UK prescribing information.

Laboratory

The formulation and mechanism of prolonged release are characterised.

Animal

Experimental pharmacology and clinical comparisons answer different questions.

Human

UK prescribing information summarises controlled clinical studies of the authorised medicine.

Regulatory

The UK product information identifies Lantus SoloStar as a prescription medicine.

A GLP-1 receptor agonist used in specific authorised prescription medicines, with clinical evidence that depends on the product, indication and population.

Laboratory

GLP-1 receptor activity provides a biological explanation; it does not replace outcome studies.

Animal

Preclinical evidence and human trials answer different questions and should be identified separately.

Human

Large randomised trials provide evidence for specific interventions in defined populations. Follow-up studies add context about durability and withdrawal.

Regulatory

Specific semaglutide medicines are authorised in the UK. They are prescription-only and require an appropriate clinical assessment and legitimate supply.